Selection Guide: Approaches by Immunization Problem

Which approaches to prioritise for different immunization implementation problems. Start with the first-choice approaches, then add complementary ones where the question needs them.

Use this guide as a starting point. The first framework in each row is not the best choice in every case. Your research question, intervention and level of analysis decide the final selection.

Implementation problem	First-choice approaches	Complementary approaches	Plan it
Missed opportunities for vaccination	CFIR, TDF	NPT, COM-B, Proctor's outcomes	Open in Planner
Zero-dose children	BeSD, TIP, CFIR	Social Ecological Model, Andersen	Open in Planner
Health worker non-adherence	TDF, COM-B	Social Cognitive Theory, NPT	Open in Planner
Poor district performance	RED, CFIR	EPIS, Systems Thinking	Open in Planner
Integration of immunization into PHC	NPT, CFIR, i-PARIHS	WHO Operational Framework for PHC	Open in Planner
New vaccine introduction	EPIS, QIF	CFIR, ORIC, Proctor's outcomes	Open in Planner
Vaccine hesitancy	BeSD, TIP	Health Belief Model, 5C model	Open in Planner
Poor immunization data use	PRISM, KTA	CFIR, i-PARIHS	Open in Planner
Weak supportive supervision	TDF, CFIR	Transformational Leadership Theory, ERIC	Open in Planner
Poor vaccine supply-chain performance	EVM	Systems Thinking, CFIR	Open in Planner
Digital immunization decision support	NASSS, CFIR	TAM, UTAUT, ORIC	Open in Planner
Immunization campaign implementation	CFIR, EPIS	FRAME-IS, RED, Complexity Theory	Open in Planner
Implementation across heterogeneous states	CFIR, EPIS	Complexity Theory, Institutional Theory	Open in Planner
Quality improvement in PHC	Model for Improvement	CFIR, Proctor's outcomes	Open in Planner
Sustainability of immunization interventions	Dynamic Sustainability Framework	RE-AIM, EPIS	Open in Planner
Penta1 to Penta3 dropout	CFIR, BeSD	COM-B, TDF, Proctor's outcomes	Open in Planner

Row 16, dropout, is a site addition. It follows the dropout pathway and the Planner's dropout mapping.

Problem not listed? Six problems have step-by-step Problem Pathways, and the Planner works for any implementation problem.

Open the Planner

How to Use the Guide

Match your problem. If none fits, use the research purpose table or the inventory filters.
Check fit. Read each profile for level of application, phase and limitations before you commit.
Combine across the backbone. Pair a determinant framework (understanding) with a strategy tool (improving) and an outcome framework (assessing). The Planner does this step by step.