Reference Guide
Implementation Science Reference Architecture for PHC and Immunization
A system for choosing and combining implementation science theories, models and frameworks in Nigeria's primary health care and immunization programmes. Three backbone questions organise it. Four parts classify every approach: what kind of tool it is, which part of the system it addresses, which implementation function it serves, and where, when, why and for whom it applies.
The Backbone: Three Questions
The whole architecture serves three questions. Ask them in order, then loop back as the work changes.
Keep two kinds of result apart. Implementation outcomes describe how well delivery went: feasibility, appropriateness, acceptability and sustainability. Equity asks whether delivery reached every group fairly. Proctor and colleagues (2011) class equity as a service outcome. Effectiveness describes whether the intervention itself worked, such as fewer zero-dose children. Measure and report each one separately.
Browse the inventory by question: Understanding, Improving or Assessing.
Priority 15 for PHC and Immunization Training
Fifteen approaches deserve particular attention in training. The orientation course introduces all fifteen. The inventory flags them.
| No. | Framework | Why prioritise it | Backbone question |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | CFIR | Multilevel determinants | Understanding |
| 2 | TDF | Behavioural determinants | Understanding |
| 3 | EPIS | Implementation phases | Understanding |
| 4 | i-PARIHS | Facilitation and evidence implementation | Understanding |
| 5 | NPT | Embedding practices in routine care | Understanding |
| 6 | COM-B | Behaviour diagnosis | Understanding |
| 7 | Behaviour Change Wheel | Intervention design | Improving |
| 8 | ERIC | Implementation strategy selection | Improving |
| 9 | RE-AIM | Implementation evaluation | Assessing |
| 10 | Proctor's Outcomes Framework | Implementation outcomes | Assessing |
| 11 | PRISM | Context and implementation outcomes | Assessing |
| 12 | FRAME-IS | Strategy adaptation | Assessing |
| 13 | WHO RED | District-level immunization implementation | Improving |
| 14 | WHO BeSD | Vaccination demand determinants | Understanding |
| 15 | WHO TIP/HCD-TIP | Tailoring immunization programmes | Improving |
Four Parts of the Classification
Within the backbone, the architecture classifies every tool in four parts. Open a part to see its categories and frameworks.
Four Ways In
- You know the immunization problem. Use the Selection Guide for first-choice and complementary approaches, or plan it end to end in the Implementation Planner.
- You know the system area. Start with a domain, such as community demand or workforce behaviour, then open the frameworks listed.
- You know your question. Start with the research purpose table, or follow a problem pathway for common immunization problems.
- You know the framework. Search the framework inventory by name, construct or keyword, and filter by any dimension.
Methodological Rules
Eight rules govern every entry: one primary functional category, any number of applications, one principal domain, stated theoretical provenance, framework type, evidence of application, practical utility, and limitations. Related tools are not interchangeable: COM-B is a behavioural model, the Behaviour Change Wheel is an intervention design framework, and the TDF is a synthesis of behavioural determinants. Read the rules and the profile template.
Verification status. Each inventory profile shows one of three statuses: source-verified, standard-reference (verify before citing), or catalogue entry (classification only). Catalogue entries hold their place in the architecture until a verified profile replaces them.